Cruz and Europa v. Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources

Isneg, Mangyan, Tagbanua, Manobo, Mandaya, Subanon, and Sama. The first group was pushed inland as the second occupied the coastal and downriver settlements. The last wave involved Malay migrations between 500 B.C. and 1,500 A.D. they had a more advanced culture based on metal age technology. They are represented by the Christianized and Islamized Filipinos who pushed the Indonesian groups inland and occupied much of the coastal, lowland and downstream areas. A second view is postulated by Robert Fox, F. Landa Jocana, Alfredo Evangelista, and Jesus Peralta. Jocano maintains that the Negritos, Indonesians and Malays stand co-equal as ethnic groups without any one being dominant, racially or culturally. The geographic distribution of the ethno-linguistic groups, which shows overlapping of otherwise similar racial strains in both upland and lowland cultures or coastal and inland communities, suggests a random and unstructured advent of different kinds of groups in the archipelago--Samuel K. Tan, A History of the Philippines, published by the Manila Studies Association, Inc. and the Philippine National Historical society, Inc., pp. 33-34 [1997]; Teodoro A. Agoncillo, History of the Filipino People, p. 21 [1990]. [45] Tan, supra, at 35-36. [46] Onofre D. Corpuz, The Roots of the Filipino Nation, Philippine Centennial (1898-1998) Edition, vol. 1, p. 13, Aklahi foundation, Inc. [1989]. It was in 800-1,000 A.D. that the Ifugaos of Northern Luzon built the rice terraces--Id. at 37. [47] Id. at 5-6. [48] Id. at 13. [49] Teodoro A. Agoncillo, History of the Filipino People, p. 54 [1990]. [50] Corpuz, supra, at 5. [51] Id. at 44-45. [52] Agoncillo, supra, at 40. [53] Id. at 40-41. [54] Rafael Iriarte, History of the Judicial System, the Philippine Indigenous Era Prior to 1565, unpublished work submitted as entry to the Centennial Essay-Writing Contest sponsored by the National Centennial Commission and the Supreme Court in 1997, p. 103, citing Perfecto V. Fernandez, Customs Laws in Pre- Conquest Philippines, UP Law Center, p. 10 [1976]. [55] Agoncillo, supra, at 41. [56] Amelia Alonzo, The History of the Judicial System in the Philippines, Indigenous Era Prior to 1565, unpublished work submitted as entry to the Centennial Essay-Writing Contest sponsored by the National Centennial Commission and the Supreme Court in 1997. [57] Agoncillo, supra, at 42. [58] Renato Constantino, A Past Revisited , p. 38 [1975]. [59] Samuel K. Tan, A History of the Philippines, published by the Manila Studies Ass'n., Inc. and the Phil.